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In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers. Quantification in this sense is fundamental to the scientific method. ==Natural science== Some measure of the undisputed general importance of quantification in the natural sciences can be gleaned from the following comments: * "these are mere facts, but they are quantitative facts and the basis of science."〔Cattell, James McKeen; and Farrand, Livingston (1896) "Physical and mental measurements of the students of Columbia University", ''The Psychological Review'', Vol. 3, No. 6 (1896), pp. 618-648; p. 648 quoted in ''(James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) Psychologist, Publisher, and Editor. )''〕 * It seems to be held as universally true that "the foundation of quantification is measurement."〔Wilks, Samuel Stanley (1961) "Some Aspects of Quantification in Science", ''Isis'', Vol. 52, No. 2 (1961), pp. 135-142; p. 135〕 * There is little doubt that "quantification provided a basis for the objectivity of science."〔Hong, Sungook (2004) "(History of Science: Building Circuits of Trust )", ''Science'', Vol. 305, No. 5690 (10 September 2004), pp. 1569-1570〕 * In ancient times, "musicians and artists ... rejected quantification, but merchants, by definition, quantified their affairs, in order to survive, made them visible on parchment and paper."〔Crosby, Alfred W. (1996) ''The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society'', Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 201〕 * Any reasonable "comparison between Aristotle and Galileo shows clearly that there can be no unique lawfulness discovered without detailed quantification."〔Langs, Robert J. (1987) "(Psychoanalysis as an Aristotelian Science—Pathways to Copernicus and a Modern-Day Approach )", ''Contemporary Psychoanalysis'', Vol. 23 (1987), pp. 555-576〕 * Even today, "universities use imperfect instruments called 'exams' to indirectly quantify something they call knowledge."〔Lynch, Aaron (1999) "(Misleading Mix of Religion and Science, )" ''Journal of Memetics: Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission'', Vol. 3, No. 1 (1999)〕 This meaning of quantification comes under the heading of pragmatics. In some instances in the natural sciences a seemingly intangible concept may be quantified by creating a scale—for example, a pain scale in medical research, or a discomfort scale at the intersection of meteorology and human physiology such as the heat index measuring the combined perceived effect of heat and humidity, or the wind chill factor measuring the combined perceived effects of cold and wind. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quantification (science)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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